Applications are invited from African nationals for scholarships in the fields of Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Planetary Geology and Remote Sensing.

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As I reflect on my journey, I am overwhelmed with gratitude for the incredible opportunity the PAPSSN Scholarship has afforded me. Studying abroad was a dream I never thought I’d realize, but this scholarship made it possible. Little did I know that this life-changing journey would take an unexpected turn when I found out I was pregnant before traveling to participate in the scholarship opportunity for a master’s degree at Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST). I was faced with doubt about how I’d manage, but I was rendered support not only by my husband but also by professor Mengistu, Mrs. Chakandinakira, professor Fulvio and the team. In this blog article, I want to share my story of how the PAPSSN Scholarship not only enabled me to pursue my academic dreams but also helped me navigate the challenges of motherhood while abroad.

(fig1:Location; Zambia airport, about to travel to Botswana)


Since I was able to reason, I’ve wanted to be a scientist and leave a lasting legacy on the planet. To change the world, you must have lofty goals that push you out of your comfort zone. I received my BSc in Physics from Copperbelt University in Zambia, where one of my lecturers noticed my interest in Astrophysics and later advised me to take this chance. After receiving the scholarship, I realized I would become a mother. That’s when doubt and worry seized me about the decision I was about to make; fortunately, the host team provided guidance on which path to choose.


Because the astrophysics department had not yet been established when I was admitted to the university, I was assigned to the environment science department. A whole new field to me, and I had to learn the fundamentals from the beginning. As the department attempts to solve real-world challenges, I soon adapted. Although the material is voluminous, it became easier to traverse with the help of my supervisor and lecturers. Learning new abilities can be difficult to the point when I begin to doubt myself, but in the end, determination and hard effort triumph.

fig2:My husband visiting me at BIUST


The scholarship’s support network proved to be a lifeline during this challenging period. The friends I made in my host country, many of whom were fellow scholarship recipients, became my extended family. They offered emotional support, invaluable advice, and practical assistance. We shared in the joys and tribulations of academic life and motherhood, forging bonds that will last a lifetime.

fig3:In Botswana, friends became family.


The scholarship organization itself also played a pivotal role. They provided guidance on navigating the educational system in a foreign land, ensuring I had the resources needed to excel academically. Moreover, their understanding and flexible approach during my pregnancy was a testament to their commitment to the holistic well-being of their scholars.


In the end, the PAPSSN Scholarship is doing more than just enable me to obtain a world-class education; it is transforming my life. I will not only graduate with a master’s degree but also became a stronger, more resilient individual, a loving mother and wife. This scholarship has taught me the power of community, resilience, and the importance of pursuing one’s dreams, even in the face of unexpected challenges.


In conclusion, the PAPSSN Scholarship is more than financial assistance; it is a lifeline for not only women like me but fathers, sons and daughters who dream of pursuing higher education and who face life’s unforeseen twists and turns. It’s a symbol of hope, empowerment, and resilience. My journey, though filled with challenges, has been a testament to the transformative impact of this scholarship. I am forever grateful for the opportunities it has provided and the remarkable people it has brought into my life. Special thanks to Professor Mengistu for his support and guidance towards my research work.

It is with great pleasure to announce the successful applicants for the PAPSSN Scholarship, third call 2023. We received an overwhelming number of applications from highly talented and deserving individuals, making the selection process quite challenging. After careful consideration, our esteemed panel of judges has chosen a remarkable group of scholarship recipients who have demonstrated exceptional academic prowess, potential, and a strong commitment to their chosen fields.

Before graduating from college, my ideal career was working as a geophysical prospector. My master’s degree from the University of Khartoum in 2019 was, in fact, the first step. I moved to Johannesburg in 2021 with my husband and he was a researcher at the University of Johannesburg’s Physics Department. At that time, I got another opportunity to carry on from where I had left off. I had the chance to meet Prof. Jeremy in the Department of Geology. He advised me to get in touch with Dr. Stephanie Enslin (Geophysics at the School of Geoscience, University of Witwatersrand).

The most wonderful thing at the time was to be in Johannesburg.

I contact Dr. Enslin and sent her all of my paperwork; the result was that she accepted me. But there had been a problem with the funds. I began looking for a scholarship but gave up soon after that. Then, one day, Dr. Enslin emailed me a call for application and informed me that the deadline was in 48 hours. It was the PAPSSN call. With the assistance of my supervisor, I got started right immediately and completed the document preparation in less than 24 hours.

The project’s title for was a real challenge, because I didn’t have the desire to studying satellites, nor earth observation. My husband, though, my closest confidant, said that the best way to succeed in life is to embark on an adventure and learn novel skills. My motivation to pursue a career in research and get my PhD from Wits was stronger than anything else, therefore I quickly finished the application and submitted on time.

I received acceptance letter in September 2021. 

I started immediately the admissions procedure for the University of the Witwatersrand. The first step of my PhD took place in March 2022, and I was immediately welcomed by the kindness and supportiveness that characterise my supervisor. The first step in the study process was carefully crafting a proposal, to which the supervisor and Co-supervisor, Prof. Khalied Adem, a lot of their time, sharing their experience and knowledge.

In November 2022, I attended the South Africa Geophysical Association (SAGA) conference, for me it was the first time in an academic meeting. In terms of academics and interaction, it was the best addition to my PhD programme.

PAPSSN, thank you so much. I appreciate you giving me this chance to experience a new culture, a valued community, and a brand-new study in every way.

One of the accomplishments I am very proud of since I set my eyes on one of mother nature’s wonders, Earth, was earning my undergraduate degree despite being from an underprivileged family where nobody has ever walked through university gates, and going on further to acquire a Masters degree in 2021. Growing up, I have always aspired to obtain the highest educational degree, there was even a point in junior high school where I was nicknamed – Prof. Mapunda, and I am grateful that PAPSSN is playing a role in paving my path towards that title. My aspiration was and is still driven by my determination to inspire and influence most of the people, especially younger and upcoming generations in communities such as the one I grew up in, to aim for greater things that we thought were meant for a certain group of people. Moreover, I have the desire to contribute towards solving some of the many global challenges, and to do that one needs a footprint in the research and development field(s).

Prior to receiving my MEng. results while in Thailand, where I was a Research Assistant at the National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand and a student, I heard about a call for applications from PAPSSN to pursue studies at a postgraduate level in the fields of Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Planetary Geology, and Remote Sensing. Even thoug I had a couple of prospective academic and career opportunities aligned purely to engineering at that time, I decided to get out of my comfort zone and applied to pursue a doctoral degree in Astronomy. I should mention that this did not need too much thinking from me or persuasion because I have always wanted to undertake research that is related to radio astronomy even before and during my Masters studies (I actually changed my Masters project after six (6) months due to lack of expertise at the Botswana International University of Science & Technology (BIUST) then). One of the things that also helped me to decide to try my luck with the application was that one particular project description from my current supervisor at University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), Professor Roger P. Deane, which to some extent kind of aligned with my previous experience and aptitude.

I was in contact with Prof. Deane from the time when I contacted him to find out the project scope and from that moment, I knew I was going to be in good hands should my application be successful. He has been very helpful (virtually before we met in person) in many ways even up to this point and for that, I am very grateful to have him as a supervisor. I wrote my proposal for the application and he was kind enough to review it for me on his personal time over the weekend before I made my submission to PAPSSN. Fortunately, my application was successful, I received my offer letter somewhere around September 2021 whilst in Thailand. I left Thailand at the end of October for Botswana to prepare for this new academic adventure, which started on a very rocky and muddy road. For a period of four (4) months, I was waiting on certification of various documents by the authorities before I could be offered a firm study offer from Wits. Once I received my offer, I had to wait one (1) more months (of which I had been waiting for way before then) for my South African police clearance certificate so that I could apply for my study visa. In February 2022 Roger funded one of my trips and stay in Pretoria for me to find a way to expedite the processing of the police clearance in person as it was taking longer.

I received my visa the last week of March in 2022 and made my way to Johannesburg to officially become a ‘Witsie’, as every Wits student is known. I received a very warm welcome from my supervisor and all other relevant personnel in the school of Physics two days after my arrival. My registration went on very smoothly as I had all the required documents in order, thanks to PAPSSN personnel on the ground this side, particularly Suraiya. The staff and fellow students in the school have also been very helpful in many ways and they assisted me find a secure apartment in the busy city of Jozi.

Academically, my transition from engineering to science has not been so smooth, but all is in order at this point and there seems to be encouraging progress. As I have mentioned and I still will repeat it, I have one of the best supervisors, who strives to create a conducive research environment. Two months after I started my PhD, I lost my father who was diagnosed with cancer just a month after commencement of my studies. His short illness and passing took a toll on me and even up to today it still haunts me. Roger has been way too patient and kind with me and helped me deal with my grief without neglecting my work. He is day to day pushing me out of my comfort zone and does not accept substandard work and always points me to good resources, be it academic or general well-being. There are days when I used to feel that I don’t belong because it takes me some time to grasp some concepts but gone are those days, because Roger, those feelings are slowly fading, he has helped me unlearn some habits that were a hindrance to my cognitive functions.

Overall, my experience with PAPSSN has been by far one of the greatest and I am thankful as their grant has allowed me to work with some of the most skilled individuals I have met through many walks of my life. Acquiring this degree will help me advance knowledge and skills across the entire globe starting at a community level where it still breaks my heart that some kids are still not well equipped with somewhat free knowledge to help them realize their full potential.

A quick advice to PAPSSN potential applicants:

The best way out is through, you will never know what is at the end of the tunnel until you have walked through it. It is best to fail while knowing that you have given it your best shot than fail without even trying, so open that laptop or whatever gadget you have and start writing your proposal. Your prospective supervisor is there to guide you on the important aspects if you do not know where to start. Do all that you can with all your effort but without hurting your mental or health wellbeing. One of my life mantras it’s actually a quote from Kurt Vonnegut: “I want to stand as close to the edge without going over. Out on the edge, you see all kinds of things you can’t see from the centre.”

Applications are invited from African nationals for scholarships in the fields of Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Planetary Geology and Remote Sensing.

Apply here

The 3rd PAPSSN Call offers the following scholarships

The PAPSSN scholarship includes a return air ticket and visa costs, participation costs such as tuition fees, registration and service fees, Insurance, settling-in allowance, monthly subsistence allowance and a contribution towards the research costs associated with student mobility of 10 months or longer.

The PAPSSN consortium is committed to offering 50% of its scholarships to women and candidates from disadvantaged or marginalized groups.

We are strongly committed to ensure a 50:50 gender balance: women will be entitled to an extra allowance of 900 euro upon arrival at the host institution.

PAPSSN scholarships are jointly administered by five (5) African partner institutions, where selected students and staff will be able to engage in postgraduate studies, research, teaching or training.

African Partners

  • Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Botswana
  • Addis Ababa University (AAU), Ethiopia
  • Copperbelt University (CBU), Zambia
  • University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN), Nigeria
  • University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), South Africa

Technical Partner:

  • Università di Bologna, Italy

Previous and current recipients of intra-ACP or Intra-Africa scholarships are not eligible to apply for this scholarship.

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Asogwa Moses Onyemaechi – My PAPSSN PhD Mobility Experience at Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

October 7, 2022

The Preamble

After obtaining an M. Sc., degree in astrophysics in 2021 from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN), I decided to listen to the wise words of Ralph Walden Emerson- “All life is an experiment. The more experiments you make the better”. This experiment took me to Ghana. During this ‘experiment’, I went of the academic field, as I found myself working as a store keeper and typist at E-Power Dynamic System, Ghana. I had barely worked at the company for three months, before I was notified of the PAPSSN scholarship advertisement by a good friend of mine, Mr. Eze Christian from UNN.

The news of the scholarship got to me very late, but nevertheless, I decided to give it a try, as it’s often said that there’s no harm in trial. I began the application process few weeks from the deadline of the call. At this time, I began having a second thought, that I have embarked in a fruitless journey, but remembering that fortune favors only the bold, I decided to push on.

Nomination for the PAPSSN Mobility Scholarship Offer

After the upload of the M. Sc. transcript, I decided to patiently await in prayers the outcome of the application, as it’s often said that good things come to those who wait for it.

To God be the glory, in the evening of the 7th of December 2021, after closing from my working place, I decided to check my mails in my phone and to my greatest surprise, I bumped at the email from the PAPSSN coordinator, notifying me that I have been nominated for the mobility scholarship programme. I can tell you, that I immediately went on cloud nine as my joy knew no bounds. This was how I made a comeback to academics, as I had already found myself in a non-academic field.

Preparation for My Study Trip

Upon receiving the good news of the PAPSSN nomination for the mobility programme, I notified my Boss about it. He wished me well and gave me one week to update my store records and handover to the company manager.

After that, I traveled back to Nigeria my country to process my traveling documents. I arrived Nigeria on the 18th of December 2021. However, due to the Christmas and new year celebrations that were already at hand, I could not apply for an international passport at the Nigerian Immigration office immediately. I applied for it after the festive seasons were over. According to them, it will take at least three weeks for it to be ready, since it’s a new passport. To the glory of God, it became ready on the 14th of February 2022.

No doubt, the long time it took to process my international passport, lead to a delay in the authentication of my academic credentials at the Nigerian Ministries of Education and Foreign affairs. This in turn, lead to my late report at Addis Ababa University (AAU), Ethiopia.

Thanks to Ms Kebonye (BIUST), who on the order of the PAPSSN coordinator, made immediate arrangements for my flight ticket to Ethiopia and on the 25th of March 2022, I arrived the Bole International Airport, Ethiopia.

My Experience at Addis Ababa University

My Experience at Addis Ababa University

My arrival at the Bole International Airport, was greeted by a very serene environment. I arrived the airport around 11:30 pm and to my amazement, the driver the AAU PAPSSN contact person Prof Teshome Senbeta sent for me, was already at the airport and we immediately headed to AAU.

I took the Graduate Admission Test of AAU the next week (passed it!) and equally got my documents authenticated. Sequel to that, I obtained my resident permit and I became very relaxed to interact with these great people.

I came to the realization, that Ethiopia is blessed with very beautiful environment and people that have very rich cultural heritage. Honestly, the beauty here is exceptional and so far, I have been enjoying the company of these great people and their serene environment. Have equally began enjoying some of their native foods like Tibes ferfer (https://ethiopianfoodguide.com) and I look forward to learning how to prepare some of these foods.

My Research Work so Far

I began attending lectures at AAU on the 5th of April and wrote the first semester examinations on Phys 851-Cosmology, Phys 885-Quantum Electrodynamics and Phys 895-Seminar I in July, 2022. As “a dream does not become reality through magic; it takes sweat, determination, and hard work,” our determination and hard works paid off, as I obtained good grades in these courses.

The second semester will soon start and we are going to be faced with the remaining courses: Phys 892-Special Topics, Phys 896-Seminar II and Phys 899-dissertation.

I wish to thank in a special way, the PAPSSN coordinator, Prof. Fulvio Franchi and his team for their supports and the wonderful work they have been doing for the sustainability of the programme.

My appreciation also goes to my supervisor, Dr. F. F. Dirirsa, for his wonderful supervisions and encouragements.

Finally, my sincere appreciation goes to the AAU PAPSSN contact person, Dr. Teshome Senbeta, for being there for us at all times. Indeed, your cooperation and supports have made us to feel very welcomed and relaxed at both AAU and in Ethiopia.

Long live PAPSSN, long live the PAPSSN member countries, and the entire PAPSSN team.

God bless you all.

My Research Work so Far

Life after a master’s degree

Reuben – Life after a master’s degree

There is a saying that “Don’t put all your eggs in one basket”. This is a piece of advice which means that one should not concentrate all efforts and resources in one area as one could lose everything. However, I decided to ignore this piece of advice. After graduating from the Russian State Hydrometeorological university, I had an offer from my then supervisor to continue a PhD programme under the Russian government scholarship. I decided to turn the offer down and focus on the Centre for Satellite Data in Environmental Science ( SENSE)  scholarship. The offer perfectly aligned with my PhD aspirations of conducting research in space and atmosphere sciences. In addition, the certificate after the programme is designed to feature the logos of the four core institutions involved in the training: the Universities of Edinburgh, Leeds, the National Oceanography Centre and the British Antarctic Survey . The question is, who wouldn’t like to receive that certificate? In spite of the numerous applications received, I made it to the top 40 applicants for the scholarship. I was optimistic about being selected, but to be no avail. The United Kingdom policy allowed the programme to fund only three international students. I was sad and heartbroken about the result. Devastated as it was, I left Russia for Ghana to start looking for a job and other offers. A lesson I have learnt in life is that you keep on pushing and believing until it becomes a reality. I always believed that something better was on my way ,and I needed to be patient. 

“The people you meet climbing the ladder are the same people you meet when descending, so be nice to everybody in this life of adventure”. Back at the undergraduate level, I had built good relationship with colleagues and course-mates, and this relationship saved me from a downhearted life after second degree. On the 20th of December, 2021, I received a call from a colleague about the PAPSSN scholarship. After the call,I quickly went to the PAPSSN website to read about their aims and goals. I found their core mission to align with my PhD aspirations.

PAPSSN journey

Upon hearing the good news from my colleague, I was left with 1-2weeks to submit my application before the offer expired. I had to prepare the necessary documents and apply for PhD scholarship at Addis Ababa University (Ethiopia). Days and weeks passed, and no news had been heard from the PAPSSN coordinator and the scholarship board. Once again, I was confident about the outcome of the results.

Finally, the good news arrived on the 6th of December, 2021. My heart and soul were engulfed with joy and happiness. I received a letter from PAPSSN coordinator (Prof Fulvio Franchi, BIUST) confirming my scholarship offer. After accepting the offer, I contacted the coordinator at the Host Institution (Prof. Teshome Senbeta) to inquire about the process for enrolment.

Nitty gritty and challenges

Challenges are what make life interesting, and overcoming them is what makes life meaningful” a quote by Joshua J. Marine. After accepting the offer, I needed to apply for a visa and authenticate my documents. The process became a nightmare. Getting a student visa became an obstacle in my mobility process. At that moment, the embassy (Ethiopian embassy) had stopped issuing paper visas, and every visa acquisition was done through the online system. However, the online portal excluded information about student visas from the website. Once the visa issue was sorted (more or less) I was ready to go. But, a day before my departure to Ethiopia, I tested positive for COVID-19 and couldn’t embark the trip. I was placed on medication for two weeks to recover. I was left with two weeks before my temporary visa to expire.

Life in Ethiopia (6 months later)

Finally, on 28th January 2022, I embarked my trip to Addis Ababa University (Ethiopia) to commence my studies. I left Ghana at 12: 00 pm (GMT) and got to Bole International Airport at 9:30 pm (EAT). Already the host coordinator had assigned someone to pick me up at the airport. On campus, he had prepared a conducive room at the International students’ hostel to accommodate me. The welcome I received from the Host university was exquisite.

One week after my arrival, I sat for the Graduate Admission Test (GAT) and got accepted to the university’s PhD programme. 

Next on the itinerary was a residence permit. Once again, the host coordinator appointed someone to assist me in the process. A week afterwards, I received my residence ID card. Now,I can linger in Addis Ababa and its surroundings without any predicament.

Once I was done with the university and the immigration processes, I finally enrolled as a Postgraduate student at Addis Ababa University. As usual, I registered for the courses for the semester and began attending class. I was introduced to my supervisor (Dr Gemechu Fanta) and other teaching and non-teaching staff. I was paid my settling-in and monthly stipend as stated in the agreement form. 

During the first semester, I took Seminar IThe Middle Atmosphere  and Computational Atmospheric and Space Physics. I took the seminar course with my supervisor. He, Dr Gemechu Fanta coached me on how to prepare for the seminar. He has been more than a supervisor. His support, coaching and desire to see me succeed are overwhelmingAs of now, I have completed the semester’s courses and looking forward to the coming semester. Next semester, I will register for seminar II and special topics. The special- topics are related to my research topic (Investigation of lower-upper atmospheric and ionospheric coupling with remote sensing and model simulations). Given this, I will take Advance plasma physics and Thermospheric dynamics.

In life People rarely succeed unless they have fun in what they are doing. I cannot only talk about academics and leave social life behind. To enjoy Ethiopia, One has to taste their native food “Injera. As a routine with my friends, twice every week, we eat Injera, thus Ties frere and play football. 

PAPSSN benefits

As part of the measures by the PAPSSN consortium to ensure proper research and education, I received a brand new laptop from the host coordinator through the research fund. Moreover, the scholarship allocates 900 euros as a monthly stipend. And, I am happy to say that, this money always reflects in my account monthly. In addition to this, the PAPSSN consortium has our health matters at heart.

Remarks

There is a saying “ Give credit to whom credit is due” I would like to thank the PAPSSN consortium for giving me this opportunity to enroll in this scholarship. Special thanks go to Profs Fulvio Franchi and Teshome Senbeta, they have been very supportive of this course. Sincere gratitude to Mrs Chakandinakia Gadibotsile and Mrs Kebonye Tebogo for their assistance in purchasing insurance and flight ticket.

Also, heartfelt gratitude goes to my able supervisors Dr Gemechu Fanta, Profs Gizaw M. Tsidu & Leonard K.Amekudzi for their selfless effort toward my research. I say God bless you.

It was the end of April 2021, I was working on my PhD dissertation at Ethiopian Space Science and Geo-spatial Institute (ESSGI) when my supervisor Professor Mengistu sent me the link for the Pan African Planetary and Space Science Network (PAPSSN) mobility scholarship call.

I saw the call and read all the steps of the application again and again before starting the application process. At that time, I was not sure that the opportunity would be given to me because before that time I had applied so many times for several scholarship opportunities, and none was successful. This time I applied for a 12 months visit to BIUST to complete the work for my PhD thesis with my supervisor.

For several months, there was no notification coming from PAPSSN about the selection outcomes. I was already resigned that my application failed once again and I was discouraged until September 2021, when I received an email notifying me that I have been selected for the PAPSSN mobility program.

Preparation for the study trip

After I saw the nomination letter from the PAPPSN coordinator, I wrote an email to my supervisor in order to decide on my arrival at Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST). Then I notified the date of my arrival to the coordinator of PAPSSN and submitted all the necessary documents for my travel.

Because of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, getting an entry visa to Botswana was quite challenging. The Botswana Embassy in Ethiopia requested from me many documents as proof for my admission at BIUST, the travel ticket, nomination letter, invitation letter, and learning agreement to start my visa process. If you are not willing to spend a lot of time on paperwork there is no point for you to embark into an international scholarship application.

My Arrival at BIUST, Botswana.

My supervisor drove to Sir Seretse Khama International Airport to receive me upon my arrival. I am very grateful to Prof Mengistu for all the support secured while I was waiting to be transferred to my permanent accommodation. Palapye, the village where BIUST is located, is a very safe place with lots of accommodations for students and visiting staff. Most of these accommodations are in compounds where other students are staying.

After the accommodation was secured it was the time for me to open a bank account (where to receive my allowance), get a SIM card, and register at the School of Postgraduate Studies in order for me to get residence permit for my 12 months visit. All these took almost a month to be completed, but I was followed step by step by Mrs Chakandinakira, the project manager, and her team here at BIUST.

My work at BIUST so far…

In March, after I had settled down, all the basic processes for my registration were settled, I finally had the time to focus 100% on my Ph.D. with Prof. Mengistu. I have been asked to present my work in a seminar at the Earth and Environmental Science department.

I am currently working on the submission of my first paper and at the same time working on the analysis of the second part of my Ph. D project titled‘ Dynamics of surface water quality derived from satellite remote sensing: Insights from water quality contrasts of Lake Tana in Ethiopia and Okavango Delta in Botswana’.

I am grateful to Pan African Planetary and Space Science Network (PAPSSN) project Coordinator Prof. Fulvio Franchi, the project Manager Mrs. Chakandinakira Gadibotsile and the entire PAPSSN selection committee for this unique opportunity. I also would like to express my special, deep and sincere gratitude to the project coordinator Prof. Fulvio Franchi and the project Manager Mrs. Chakandinakira Gadibotsile for their efforts in ensuring that my allowance is paid on time.

I want to use this chance to say thanks to the PAPSSN mobility project management for this chance which doesn’t only help students to attain their dreams, but also contributes to empowering them to be able to face the development challenges in Africa. I’m deeply honored to be selected for this award which may surely contribute to the development of my career as young researchers and allow me to return to my country (Ethiopia) with far more knowledge and experience.

Finally, I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Mengistu, for his limitless support and sort advice for an excellent and efficient implementation of my Ph.D. research. Finally, I express my gratitude to the community of Botswana International University of Science and Technology for their support.

Palapye is a great place to spend time for study and research.

Scholarship applications are invited from African nationals for the following staff mobility bursaries:

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